The past perfect
Use had with a past participle to show that one event happened before another past event.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitLearning paths
Connected units: learn the idea, apply it in context, then read, write and check your understanding.
Path type
Level
The passive voice
Form the passive with be in the required tense and a past participle.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitDegrees of certainty
Use must for a strong deduction, might or may for a possibility, and can’t for a deduction that something is impossible.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitThe third conditional
Use if with had and a past participle, followed by would have and a past participle, to imagine a different result in a finished past situation.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitConcession and contrast
Although is followed by a clause with a subject and verb.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitEvaluating options
Compare options against clear criteria such as cost, time and quality.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitProfessional negotiation
State what you need and where you can be flexible.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitSummarising a meeting
A meeting summary records decisions, actions, owners and deadlines.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitA balanced complaint
Describe what happened, include relevant details and state the resolution you request.
10 lessons and applications
Open unitStructuring a presentation
Tell the audience which question you will answer, present supporting evidence and finish with a conclusion.
10 lessons and applications
Open unit