Respectful critical evaluation
Evaluate the argument rather than the person.
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Synthesising sources
Synthesis is more than placing two summaries side by side.
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Adapting register
Formality and detail depend on audience and purpose.
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Precise qualification
To some extent, with the exception of and in principle can limit a generalisation.
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Handling challenging questions
Acknowledge the question, clarify what you can answer and respond with support.
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Writing a recommendation
Connect a recommendation to the problem, evidence and expected outcome.
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Nuanced stance
Expressions such as hardly, not entirely and by no means carry different strengths of stance.
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Implied meaning and context
A speaker may imply something without stating it directly.
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Emphasis without overstatement
Strengthen an important point through structure and word choice while keeping the claim accurate.
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Figurative language in context
Metaphors and idioms go beyond literal meanings.
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Controlling written rhythm
Varying sentence length can highlight ideas and avoid monotony.
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Precise reformulation
Preserve scope, certainty and conditions when reformulating.
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Arguments and hidden assumptions
Some arguments depend on an unstated assumption.
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Editing for an audience
Preserve meaning while adapting structure and detail for a different audience.
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Weighing competing explanations
Compare explanations by how well they account for the evidence and by their limitations.
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A nuanced conclusion
An advanced conclusion combines the answer, strength of evidence, limitations and implications.
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A first day at the office · Giving your name and job
Giving your name and job in context, with bilingual examples and practice.
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Useful expressions · set 001
Twenty bilingual expressions from the lessons and conversations for review and use.
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